Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on thefollowing passage.During World War II, manyAmerican women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men.More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces.The women did not go intobattle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and oftendangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nursesrisked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy wasattacking.One group of women performedvery special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots.The United States had notyet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to theBritish. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain'ssurvival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was thefastest way? By air, of course.Trained American andCanadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every manwho could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly thenew planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women!Jacqueline Cochran was oneof America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the womenpilots got involved in the war and what they did:“Late in 1940 GeneralArnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canadato England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happyto volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult taskwith a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others didtoo. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel tospare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”.Often, after a long trip—and just a fewhours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pickup more planes.When the United Statesentered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (WomenAirforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. Thewomen continued to serve until 1944.More than 1,000 women keptAmerican and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flewevery type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands ofcombat pilots.What did General Arnold say America needed desperately late in 1940?

Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on thefollowing passage.During World War II, manyAmerican women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men.More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces.The women did not go intobattle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and oftendangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nursesrisked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy wasattacking.One group of women performedvery special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots.The United States had notyet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to theBritish. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain'ssurvival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was thefastest way? By air, of course.Trained American andCanadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every manwho could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly thenew planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women!Jacqueline Cochran was oneof America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the womenpilots got involved in the war and what they did:“Late in 1940 GeneralArnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canadato England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happyto volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult taskwith a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others didtoo. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel tospare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”.Often, after a long trip—and just a fewhours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pickup more planes.When the United Statesentered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (WomenAirforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. Thewomen continued to serve until 1944.More than 1,000 women keptAmerican and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flewevery type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands ofcombat pilots.What does the passage say about the special group of women?

Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on thefollowing passage.During World War II, manyAmerican women joined the armed forces and served side by side with the men.More than 200,000 women volunteered to serve in the armed forces.The women did not go intobattle with guns But they did perform countless useful-and oftendangerous-tasks, which freed the men for the fighting. And thousands of nursesrisked-and sometimes lost-their lives treating the wounded while the enemy wasattacking.One group of women performedvery special job. That was because they had a special skill. They were pilots.The United States had notyet entered the war in 1940. But Americans were selling airplanes to theBritish. Canada was supplying even more. The planes were vital to Britain'ssurvival. They had to be gotten overseas as quickly as possible. What was thefastest way? By air, of course.Trained American andCanadian pilots were already flying for Britain's Royal Air Force. Every manwho could fly a plane was already fighting in Europe. Someone had to fly thenew planes across the ocean. Who could do it? The women!Jacqueline Cochran was oneof America's best-known pilots when the war began. She described how the womenpilots got involved in the war and what they did:“Late in 1940 GeneralArnold said they needed pilots desperately for ferrying airplanes from Canadato England, and he asked me if I could be of any help. I said I would be happyto volunteer, and my services were immediately accepted. It was a difficult taskwith a high death rate. I got shot at over the North Atlantic and others didtoo. We usually got to England with only about two and half hours of fuel tospare,and that is hazardous(危险的)”.Often, after a long trip—and just a fewhours'sleep—the women were flown back to Canada to pickup more planes.When the United Statesentered the war the women pilots were formed into a group called WASP (WomenAirforce Service Pilots). Miss Cochran became their commanding officer. Thewomen continued to serve until 1944.More than 1,000 women keptAmerican and British pilots supplied with new planes during the war. They flewevery type of plane that was built. And they won the admiration of thousands ofcombat pilots.What do we know about Jacqueline Cochran?

Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.Last week I returned toAmherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping thatTom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. Iremember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke,so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was intown. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing toanyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or helphim find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. Heasked, quietly, if it had happened to me.Tom caught me completely bysurprise.I wish I had told Tom thetruth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, toocommitted to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. Isigned his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn'the looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could havesaid anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Outof the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away hisbooks, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst,from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Likedeath itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried thatI'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always.But I never really didforget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hallwith his shoulders hunched(弓起的).I know this is years toolate, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth.I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'mthinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I wasafraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'mgoing to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence willnot protect me.Yes, it happened to me. What was the author doing when she met Tom?

Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.Last week I returned toAmherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping thatTom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. Iremember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke,so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was intown. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing toanyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or helphim find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. Heasked, quietly, if it had happened to me.Tom caught me completely bysurprise.I wish I had told Tom thetruth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, toocommitted to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. Isigned his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn'the looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could havesaid anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Outof the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away hisbooks, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst,from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Likedeath itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried thatI'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always.But I never really didforget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hallwith his shoulders hunched(弓起的).I know this is years toolate, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth.I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'mthinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I wasafraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'mgoing to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence willnot protect me.Yes, it happened to me. What did Tom want to know about the incident mentioned in the author's book?

Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.Last week I returned toAmherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping thatTom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. Iremember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke,so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was intown. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing toanyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or helphim find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. Heasked, quietly, if it had happened to me.Tom caught me completely bysurprise.I wish I had told Tom thetruth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, toocommitted to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. Isigned his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn'the looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could havesaid anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Outof the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away hisbooks, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst,from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Likedeath itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried thatI'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always.But I never really didforget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hallwith his shoulders hunched(弓起的).I know this is years toolate, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth.I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'mthinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I wasafraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'mgoing to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence willnot protect me.Yes, it happened to me. How did the author respond to Tom's question?

Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.Last week I returned toAmherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping thatTom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. Iremember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke,so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was intown. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing toanyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or helphim find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. Heasked, quietly, if it had happened to me.Tom caught me completely bysurprise.I wish I had told Tom thetruth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, toocommitted to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. Isigned his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn'the looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could havesaid anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Outof the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away hisbooks, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst,from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Likedeath itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried thatI'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always.But I never really didforget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hallwith his shoulders hunched(弓起的).I know this is years toolate, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth.I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'mthinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I wasafraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'mgoing to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence willnot protect me.Yes, it happened to me. How did Tom feel about the author's response?

Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.Last week I returned toAmherst. It's been years since I was there, the time met Tom. I was hoping thatTom would show up again; I even looked for him, but he didn't appear. Iremember he proudly represented New York City during the few minutes we spoke,so I suspect he'd moved back or maybe he was busy or he didn't know I was intown. I have a distinct memory of Tom in the signing line, saying nothing toanyone, intense. I assumed he was going to ask me to read a manuscript or helphim find an agent, but instead he asked me about an incident in my book. Heasked, quietly, if it had happened to me.Tom caught me completely bysurprise.I wish I had told Tom thetruth then, but I was too scared in those days to say anything. Too scared, toocommitted to my mask. I responded with some vague reply. And that was it. Isigned his books. Tom thought I was going to say something, and when I didn'the looked disappointed. But more than that, he looked abandoned. I could havesaid anything but instead I turned to the next person in line and smiled. Outof the corner of my eye I watched Tom pick up his backpack, slowly put away hisbooks, and leave. When the signing was over I couldn't get away from Amherst,from Tom and his question, fast enough. I ran the way I've always run. Likedeath itself was chasing me. For couple of days afterward I fretted(焦虑不安);I worried thatI'd given myself away. I tried to forget it and bury it all. Like always.But I never really didforget. Not our exchange or Tom's disappointment. How he walked out of the hallwith his shoulders hunched(弓起的).I know this is years toolate, but I'm sorry I didn't answer Tom. I'm sorry I didn't tell him the truth.I'm sorry for Tom, and for me. We both could have used that truth, I'mthinking. It could have saved me (and maybe Tom) from so much. But I wasafraid. I'm still afraid-my fear like continents and the ocean between-but I'mgoing to speak anyway, because, as Audre Lorde has taught us, my silence willnot protect me.Yes, it happened to me. What does the author want to tell Tom now?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.Languages are consideredendangered when their last fluent speakers reach old age and when children areno longer learning it as their primary tongue. UNESCO reveals that 18 of theworld's 2,464 officially “endangered” languages have just one livingspeaker. With the exception of just three, these are all based in the so-called“global south”. Economic, political, culturaland social power is held by those who speak the“majoritylanguages” while those that don't are often marginalizedand under pressure to shift towards learning a more“global” language.Not all people experiencinglanguage shift feel marginalized though. Many Nigerians, for examplc, happilyembrace the use of English as a world language, viewing it as progressive.Others, however, see their native language as a significant marker of ethnicand national identity. Nigerian artist Adé Bantu expressed this in his song,criticizing the Nigerian school system which prohibits children from speakingtheir native languages.Tribalingual founder, Inky Gibbens,began her social mission to “save, preserve and support” rarecultures and traditions after discovering that the native language of hergrandparents-Buryat, a dialect of Mongolia-was classified as “severely endangered” by UNESCO and findingthat there was no means of learning it online.Some people suggest thatthere are three categories of response to language endangerment: Do nothing,document languages before they disappear, or promote language revitalization(复兴). Scholars havesince considered a fourth response, which aims to examine the causes oflanguage endangerment and promote sustainable(可持续性的)environments for them.However, the majority offunding goes into recording rather than revitalizing endangered languages. Acore belief at Tribalingual is that the only means of saving languages andcultures is by teaching them. Documenting alone risks reducing rare languagesto “staticobjects,”as they are denied the chance to thrive inpractice.“When I foundedTribalingual, I wanted to have a minimum viable product to take to market andtest my assumption that there were people out there actually interested inlearning about unique languages and cultures,” Gibbenssays. “Through my network I found people who werepassionately committed to preserving and teaching their culture and language.Luckily for us, there were also many learners who share our excitement aboutculture and language.”According to Gibbens,Tribalingual “is fast becoming a global network of culture and languageenthusiasts who are passionate about preserving our world's diversity.” As the “first online learning platform forteaching rare and endangered languages,” it treats alllanguages and cultures equally, regardless of socio-political situation. What does the word “marginalized” most probably mean in paragraph 1?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.Languages are consideredendangered when their last fluent speakers reach old age and when children areno longer learning it as their primary tongue. UNESCO reveals that 18 of theworld's 2,464 officially “endangered” languages have just one livingspeaker. With the exception of just three, these are all based in the so-called“global south”. Economic, political, culturaland social power is held by those who speak the“majoritylanguages” while those that don't are often marginalizedand under pressure to shift towards learning a more“global” language.Not all people experiencinglanguage shift feel marginalized though. Many Nigerians, for examplc, happilyembrace the use of English as a world language, viewing it as progressive.Others, however, see their native language as a significant marker of ethnicand national identity. Nigerian artist Adé Bantu expressed this in his song,criticizing the Nigerian school system which prohibits children from speakingtheir native languages.Tribalingual founder, Inky Gibbens,began her social mission to “save, preserve and support” rarecultures and traditions after discovering that the native language of hergrandparents-Buryat, a dialect of Mongolia-was classified as “severely endangered” by UNESCO and findingthat there was no means of learning it online.Some people suggest thatthere are three categories of response to language endangerment: Do nothing,document languages before they disappear, or promote language revitalization(复兴). Scholars havesince considered a fourth response, which aims to examine the causes oflanguage endangerment and promote sustainable(可持续性的)environments for them.However, the majority offunding goes into recording rather than revitalizing endangered languages. Acore belief at Tribalingual is that the only means of saving languages andcultures is by teaching them. Documenting alone risks reducing rare languagesto “staticobjects,”as they are denied the chance to thrive inpractice.“When I foundedTribalingual, I wanted to have a minimum viable product to take to market andtest my assumption that there were people out there actually interested inlearning about unique languages and cultures,” Gibbenssays. “Through my network I found people who werepassionately committed to preserving and teaching their culture and language.Luckily for us, there were also many learners who share our excitement aboutculture and language.”According to Gibbens,Tribalingual “is fast becoming a global network of culture and languageenthusiasts who are passionate about preserving our world's diversity.” As the “first online learning platform forteaching rare and endangered languages,” it treats alllanguages and cultures equally, regardless of socio-political situation. What caused Gibbens to start her social mission?