Passage 3Questions to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.When my daughter Jane was infirst grade, her teacher pressured me to put her on stimulants(兴奋剂). She explainedthat Jane daydreamed; she also became over-excited- when she learned somethingnew. "Inattention and excessive activity are classic symptoms of ADHD(多动症). They can be treated with Adderall or Ritalin,”her teacher explained.But I knew this was absurd. Jane did not haveADHD. "That just sounds like any bright kid,"I responded. "Ifshe's ahead of her classmates, she'll be bored sometimes."I was on to something. Somescientists believe that kids with IQs in the top 5 to 10 percent of thepopulation are especially at risk for ADHD misdiagnosis. It is estimated thatsomewhere between one-third and one-half of intelligent kids diagnosed withADHD are misdiagnosed. As I suspected, that is because smart kids such as Janeengage in the same behaviors as children with ADHD. For example, both brightkids and those with ADHD are over-excitable and inattentive. Both questionauthority.Even so, her teacher'ssuggestion merited further consideration. After all, intelligent children suchas Jane can still have ADHD. I was not going to ignore Jane's' problem.But I amalso a doctor. And I know stimulants carry risks.For example, a"naturalexperiment"in Quebec revealed that kids using stimulants for ADHD may bemore likely to drop out of school and underperform in math. Other evidencesuggests that these drugs deteriorate some child-parent relationships.Additionally, a one-year study suggests that stimulant use can lead to chronicdepression.Meanwhile, stimulants are nocure. They simply reduce core ADHD symptoms while the child is on the drug.Consequently, drugs may hide conditions that are misleadingly presenting asADHD, leaving them unnoticed.Due to these concerns, Itried other approaches before drugs. I enrolled Jane in a more challengingschool. There, she became first in her class. Later, she became high schoolvaledictorian(致告别辞的毕业生代表).What if I had accepted herteacher's suggestion? Jane probably would have been fine. But she could havedropped out of school. Medication might have sucked her into a depression orhidden her real problems leaving them unnoticed. Also, humanity might neverhave benefited from Jane's considerable achievements.Being watchful whilemedicating children is important for all parents, especially parents ofintelligent children. Mounting evidence indicates that bright kids are atconsiderable risk for misdiagnosis. And medication may minimize theircontributions, upon which society's progress depends. What did the'natural experiment' in Quebec tell people about?

Passage 3Questions to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.When my daughter Jane was infirst grade, her teacher pressured me to put her on stimulants(兴奋剂). She explainedthat Jane daydreamed; she also became over-excited- when she learned somethingnew. "Inattention and excessive activity are classic symptoms of ADHD(多动症). They can be treated with Adderall or Ritalin,”her teacher explained.But I knew this was absurd. Jane did not haveADHD. "That just sounds like any bright kid,"I responded. "Ifshe's ahead of her classmates, she'll be bored sometimes."I was on to something. Somescientists believe that kids with IQs in the top 5 to 10 percent of thepopulation are especially at risk for ADHD misdiagnosis. It is estimated thatsomewhere between one-third and one-half of intelligent kids diagnosed withADHD are misdiagnosed. As I suspected, that is because smart kids such as Janeengage in the same behaviors as children with ADHD. For example, both brightkids and those with ADHD are over-excitable and inattentive. Both questionauthority.Even so, her teacher'ssuggestion merited further consideration. After all, intelligent children suchas Jane can still have ADHD. I was not going to ignore Jane's' problem.But I amalso a doctor. And I know stimulants carry risks.For example, a"naturalexperiment"in Quebec revealed that kids using stimulants for ADHD may bemore likely to drop out of school and underperform in math. Other evidencesuggests that these drugs deteriorate some child-parent relationships.Additionally, a one-year study suggests that stimulant use can lead to chronicdepression.Meanwhile, stimulants are nocure. They simply reduce core ADHD symptoms while the child is on the drug.Consequently, drugs may hide conditions that are misleadingly presenting asADHD, leaving them unnoticed.Due to these concerns, Itried other approaches before drugs. I enrolled Jane in a more challengingschool. There, she became first in her class. Later, she became high schoolvaledictorian(致告别辞的毕业生代表).What if I had accepted herteacher's suggestion? Jane probably would have been fine. But she could havedropped out of school. Medication might have sucked her into a depression orhidden her real problems leaving them unnoticed. Also, humanity might neverhave benefited from Jane's considerable achievements.Being watchful whilemedicating children is important for all parents, especially parents ofintelligent children. Mounting evidence indicates that bright kids are atconsiderable risk for misdiagnosis. And medication may minimize theircontributions, upon which society's progress depends. What did the author do to deal with her daughter's problem?

Passage 3Questions to 15 are based on thefollowing passage.When my daughter Jane was infirst grade, her teacher pressured me to put her on stimulants(兴奋剂). She explainedthat Jane daydreamed; she also became over-excited- when she learned somethingnew. "Inattention and excessive activity are classic symptoms of ADHD(多动症). They can be treated with Adderall or Ritalin,”her teacher explained.But I knew this was absurd. Jane did not haveADHD. "That just sounds like any bright kid,"I responded. "Ifshe's ahead of her classmates, she'll be bored sometimes."I was on to something. Somescientists believe that kids with IQs in the top 5 to 10 percent of thepopulation are especially at risk for ADHD misdiagnosis. It is estimated thatsomewhere between one-third and one-half of intelligent kids diagnosed withADHD are misdiagnosed. As I suspected, that is because smart kids such as Janeengage in the same behaviors as children with ADHD. For example, both brightkids and those with ADHD are over-excitable and inattentive. Both questionauthority.Even so, her teacher'ssuggestion merited further consideration. After all, intelligent children suchas Jane can still have ADHD. I was not going to ignore Jane's' problem.But I amalso a doctor. And I know stimulants carry risks.For example, a"naturalexperiment"in Quebec revealed that kids using stimulants for ADHD may bemore likely to drop out of school and underperform in math. Other evidencesuggests that these drugs deteriorate some child-parent relationships.Additionally, a one-year study suggests that stimulant use can lead to chronicdepression.Meanwhile, stimulants are nocure. They simply reduce core ADHD symptoms while the child is on the drug.Consequently, drugs may hide conditions that are misleadingly presenting asADHD, leaving them unnoticed.Due to these concerns, Itried other approaches before drugs. I enrolled Jane in a more challengingschool. There, she became first in her class. Later, she became high schoolvaledictorian(致告别辞的毕业生代表).What if I had accepted herteacher's suggestion? Jane probably would have been fine. But she could havedropped out of school. Medication might have sucked her into a depression orhidden her real problems leaving them unnoticed. Also, humanity might neverhave benefited from Jane's considerable achievements.Being watchful whilemedicating children is important for all parents, especially parents ofintelligent children. Mounting evidence indicates that bright kids are atconsiderable risk for misdiagnosis. And medication may minimize theircontributions, upon which society's progress depends. What do we know about Jane?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.In. Visible Moscow is awalking tour imagined. The technology is like any guided walking tour: a pairof headphones and a guide. The difference is that the guide is the fictionalcharacter named Sasha. We tourists follow her as she looks to fill her time inMoscow. As she chats to herself, the headphones relay Sasha's stream ofconsciousness-available in Russian, English, German and French-directly intothe visitors'ears.It is surprisinglyeffective. It's not hard to imagine that the actress with the red backpackplaying Sasha is genuinely pondering which way to turn as we leave the GUMshopping center. She even indulges in some self-reflection on occasion, likeasking herself some challenging questions: "Do I like the way I looktoday?" When she asks herself, "Do I have a plan for the next fiveyears?" a narrator cuts in, suggesting that we answer the question, too.This is not the onlyinteractive element to the tour. At one spot, we were arranged into a circleand asked to participate in group stretches to some classical music. Indeed wewere subject to some puzzled looks from passers--by, but at this point we wereall so immersed(沉浸) in the experience that none of us cared.Sasha several times walksaway down the street to various pieces of music, where she awkwardly avoidspeople in her way.But these lighter moments dobreak up Sasha's' internal monologue(独白). The result is a good balance of fact andfiction, and found some of the details fascinating. We see where Leo Tolstoywent shopping for watches in GUM. The story of how the 16th century Old EnglishCourt ended up in what is now Zaryadye Park was also truly interesting. Soundeffects brought this information to life: church bells toll in our ears as wewalk past the 14th century Church of All Saints, only to be cut off as Sasharecalls that the bell was removed for safety reasons because of its Pisa-likeleaning bell-tower.The walk is between four andfive kilometers long, although the two-hour length ensures leisurely pace andeven allows five-minute complementary finger-buffet(简餐) midway.The experience as a wholewas undeniably engaging and insightful. It is a genuinely fun and original wayto explore the city. In what way does In. Visible Moscow differ from other walking tours?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.In. Visible Moscow is awalking tour imagined. The technology is like any guided walking tour: a pairof headphones and a guide. The difference is that the guide is the fictionalcharacter named Sasha. We tourists follow her as she looks to fill her time inMoscow. As she chats to herself, the headphones relay Sasha's stream ofconsciousness-available in Russian, English, German and French-directly intothe visitors'ears.It is surprisinglyeffective. It's not hard to imagine that the actress with the red backpackplaying Sasha is genuinely pondering which way to turn as we leave the GUMshopping center. She even indulges in some self-reflection on occasion, likeasking herself some challenging questions: "Do I like the way I looktoday?" When she asks herself, "Do I have a plan for the next fiveyears?" a narrator cuts in, suggesting that we answer the question, too.This is not the onlyinteractive element to the tour. At one spot, we were arranged into a circleand asked to participate in group stretches to some classical music. Indeed wewere subject to some puzzled looks from passers--by, but at this point we wereall so immersed(沉浸) in the experience that none of us cared.Sasha several times walksaway down the street to various pieces of music, where she awkwardly avoidspeople in her way.But these lighter moments dobreak up Sasha's' internal monologue(独白). The result is a good balance of fact andfiction, and found some of the details fascinating. We see where Leo Tolstoywent shopping for watches in GUM. The story of how the 16th century Old EnglishCourt ended up in what is now Zaryadye Park was also truly interesting. Soundeffects brought this information to life: church bells toll in our ears as wewalk past the 14th century Church of All Saints, only to be cut off as Sasharecalls that the bell was removed for safety reasons because of its Pisa-likeleaning bell-tower.The walk is between four andfive kilometers long, although the two-hour length ensures leisurely pace andeven allows five-minute complementary finger-buffet(简餐) midway.The experience as a wholewas undeniably engaging and insightful. It is a genuinely fun and original wayto explore the city. What does Sasha do during the tour?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.In. Visible Moscow is awalking tour imagined. The technology is like any guided walking tour: a pairof headphones and a guide. The difference is that the guide is the fictionalcharacter named Sasha. We tourists follow her as she looks to fill her time inMoscow. As she chats to herself, the headphones relay Sasha's stream ofconsciousness-available in Russian, English, German and French-directly intothe visitors'ears.It is surprisinglyeffective. It's not hard to imagine that the actress with the red backpackplaying Sasha is genuinely pondering which way to turn as we leave the GUMshopping center. She even indulges in some self-reflection on occasion, likeasking herself some challenging questions: "Do I like the way I looktoday?" When she asks herself, "Do I have a plan for the next fiveyears?" a narrator cuts in, suggesting that we answer the question, too.This is not the onlyinteractive element to the tour. At one spot, we were arranged into a circleand asked to participate in group stretches to some classical music. Indeed wewere subject to some puzzled looks from passers--by, but at this point we wereall so immersed(沉浸) in the experience that none of us cared.Sasha several times walksaway down the street to various pieces of music, where she awkwardly avoidspeople in her way.But these lighter moments dobreak up Sasha's' internal monologue(独白). The result is a good balance of fact andfiction, and found some of the details fascinating. We see where Leo Tolstoywent shopping for watches in GUM. The story of how the 16th century Old EnglishCourt ended up in what is now Zaryadye Park was also truly interesting. Soundeffects brought this information to life: church bells toll in our ears as wewalk past the 14th century Church of All Saints, only to be cut off as Sasharecalls that the bell was removed for safety reasons because of its Pisa-likeleaning bell-tower.The walk is between four andfive kilometers long, although the two-hour length ensures leisurely pace andeven allows five-minute complementary finger-buffet(简餐) midway.The experience as a wholewas undeniably engaging and insightful. It is a genuinely fun and original wayto explore the city. What did the author think of the group stretches?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.In. Visible Moscow is awalking tour imagined. The technology is like any guided walking tour: a pairof headphones and a guide. The difference is that the guide is the fictionalcharacter named Sasha. We tourists follow her as she looks to fill her time inMoscow. As she chats to herself, the headphones relay Sasha's stream ofconsciousness-available in Russian, English, German and French-directly intothe visitors'ears.It is surprisinglyeffective. It's not hard to imagine that the actress with the red backpackplaying Sasha is genuinely pondering which way to turn as we leave the GUMshopping center. She even indulges in some self-reflection on occasion, likeasking herself some challenging questions: "Do I like the way I looktoday?" When she asks herself, "Do I have a plan for the next fiveyears?" a narrator cuts in, suggesting that we answer the question, too.This is not the onlyinteractive element to the tour. At one spot, we were arranged into a circleand asked to participate in group stretches to some classical music. Indeed wewere subject to some puzzled looks from passers--by, but at this point we wereall so immersed(沉浸) in the experience that none of us cared.Sasha several times walksaway down the street to various pieces of music, where she awkwardly avoidspeople in her way.But these lighter moments dobreak up Sasha's' internal monologue(独白). The result is a good balance of fact andfiction, and found some of the details fascinating. We see where Leo Tolstoywent shopping for watches in GUM. The story of how the 16th century Old EnglishCourt ended up in what is now Zaryadye Park was also truly interesting. Soundeffects brought this information to life: church bells toll in our ears as wewalk past the 14th century Church of All Saints, only to be cut off as Sasharecalls that the bell was removed for safety reasons because of its Pisa-likeleaning bell-tower.The walk is between four andfive kilometers long, although the two-hour length ensures leisurely pace andeven allows five-minute complementary finger-buffet(简餐) midway.The experience as a wholewas undeniably engaging and insightful. It is a genuinely fun and original wayto explore the city. Why was the bell removed from the tower according to Sasha?

Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on thefollowing passage.In. Visible Moscow is awalking tour imagined. The technology is like any guided walking tour: a pairof headphones and a guide. The difference is that the guide is the fictionalcharacter named Sasha. We tourists follow her as she looks to fill her time inMoscow. As she chats to herself, the headphones relay Sasha's stream ofconsciousness-available in Russian, English, German and French-directly intothe visitors'ears.It is surprisinglyeffective. It's not hard to imagine that the actress with the red backpackplaying Sasha is genuinely pondering which way to turn as we leave the GUMshopping center. She even indulges in some self-reflection on occasion, likeasking herself some challenging questions: "Do I like the way I looktoday?" When she asks herself, "Do I have a plan for the next fiveyears?" a narrator cuts in, suggesting that we answer the question, too.This is not the onlyinteractive element to the tour. At one spot, we were arranged into a circleand asked to participate in group stretches to some classical music. Indeed wewere subject to some puzzled looks from passers--by, but at this point we wereall so immersed(沉浸) in the experience that none of us cared.Sasha several times walksaway down the street to various pieces of music, where she awkwardly avoidspeople in her way.But these lighter moments dobreak up Sasha's' internal monologue(独白). The result is a good balance of fact andfiction, and found some of the details fascinating. We see where Leo Tolstoywent shopping for watches in GUM. The story of how the 16th century Old EnglishCourt ended up in what is now Zaryadye Park was also truly interesting. Soundeffects brought this information to life: church bells toll in our ears as wewalk past the 14th century Church of All Saints, only to be cut off as Sasharecalls that the bell was removed for safety reasons because of its Pisa-likeleaning bell-tower.The walk is between four andfive kilometers long, although the two-hour length ensures leisurely pace andeven allows five-minute complementary finger-buffet(简餐) midway.The experience as a wholewas undeniably engaging and insightful. It is a genuinely fun and original wayto explore the city. What do we know about the whole tour?

Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on thefollowing passage.Constructed languages, alsoknown as artificial, planned or invented languages, are usually designed for aspecific purpose. There are several types of constructed languages, dependingon the use. People have created artificial languages to improve communicationbetween speakers, for creative purposes as in writing and films about fantasyworlds, to revive dead languages, and to talk to and instruct computers.Constructed languages differfrom others because their entire structure, including grammar, vocabulary, andphonology (sound system) have been planned deliberately. Constructed languagescan be built by existing languages, or based on entirely new principles.Constructed languages thatare created with entirely new elements, such as sound symbols or numbers, andthen given meanings, are known as " priori" languages. Examples of"a priori" languages are fictional languages like Sindarin or Elvish,created by JRR Tolkien, or the languages spoken in the TV series Game ofThrones directed by Alan Taylor and three others.Because the purposes behindthe creation of constructed languages are so varied, they are very differentfrom each other. Here are some familiar examples of constructec languages.Esperanto was created in thelate 19th century with the purpose of improving communications between peopleof different nationalities. It is an artificial language. made by combiningfeatures of several European languages. An estimated two million people speakEsperanto today, and it is recognized as an auxiliary(辅助的) language by theUnited Nations.Sindarin or Elvish is one ofthe fictional languages created by fantasy writer JRR Tolkien for some of thepeoples who inhabited Middle Earth. Tolkien was a specialist in Old Norseliterature as well as an enthusiastic linguist. He based the languages ofMiddle Earth on Celtic models and also on the medieval Icelandic of the Sagas(长篇故事).Viewers of Game of Throneswill be familiar with Dothraki and Valyrian. These are based on a small numberof words in the books of George R.R. Martin, on which the series is based. Bothlanguages were developed by David Peterson from the Language Creation Society.Computer languages are usedto communicate with computers and for computers to communicate with each other.They include programming languages, as well as languages used for machinelearning. Machine learning can be used to teach computers to use techniqueslike data mining and statistica(统计学的) pattern recognition for practicafunctions like speech recognition, web search and virtual assistants. What can we learn about constructed languages?

Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on thefollowing passage.Constructed languages, alsoknown as artificial, planned or invented languages, are usually designed for aspecific purpose. There are several types of constructed languages, dependingon the use. People have created artificial languages to improve communicationbetween speakers, for creative purposes as in writing and films about fantasyworlds, to revive dead languages, and to talk to and instruct computers.Constructed languages differfrom others because their entire structure, including grammar, vocabulary, andphonology (sound system) have been planned deliberately. Constructed languagescan be built by existing languages, or based on entirely new principles.Constructed languages thatare created with entirely new elements, such as sound symbols or numbers, andthen given meanings, are known as " priori" languages. Examples of"a priori" languages are fictional languages like Sindarin or Elvish,created by JRR Tolkien, or the languages spoken in the TV series Game ofThrones directed by Alan Taylor and three others.Because the purposes behindthe creation of constructed languages are so varied, they are very differentfrom each other. Here are some familiar examples of constructec languages.Esperanto was created in thelate 19th century with the purpose of improving communications between peopleof different nationalities. It is an artificial language. made by combiningfeatures of several European languages. An estimated two million people speakEsperanto today, and it is recognized as an auxiliary(辅助的) language by theUnited Nations.Sindarin or Elvish is one ofthe fictional languages created by fantasy writer JRR Tolkien for some of thepeoples who inhabited Middle Earth. Tolkien was a specialist in Old Norseliterature as well as an enthusiastic linguist. He based the languages ofMiddle Earth on Celtic models and also on the medieval Icelandic of the Sagas(长篇故事).Viewers of Game of Throneswill be familiar with Dothraki and Valyrian. These are based on a small numberof words in the books of George R.R. Martin, on which the series is based. Bothlanguages were developed by David Peterson from the Language Creation Society.Computer languages are usedto communicate with computers and for computers to communicate with each other.They include programming languages, as well as languages used for machinelearning. Machine learning can be used to teach computers to use techniqueslike data mining and statistica(统计学的) pattern recognition for practicafunctions like speech recognition, web search and virtual assistants. Which language is NOT an 'a priori' language?