Passage 2Questions6 to 10 are based on the following passage.   Educatinggirls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investmentavailable in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territoryfor economists，butenhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economicas a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励)，provides an explanation for whyso many girls are deprived of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughtersbecause they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family;girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to dohousework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy (预言）becomes self-fulfilling，trapping women in a viciouscircle (恶性循环）ofneglect.An educated mother, on the other hand, earns more and faces anentirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthierchildren and insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that herdaughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes itmuch more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will beeducated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuouscircle.Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits, butit has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is thedirect effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to20 percent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns areimpressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are justthe beginning. What does the author say about womens education?

Passage 2Questions6 to 10 are based on the following passage.   Educatinggirls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investmentavailable in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territoryfor economists，butenhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economicas a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励)，provides an explanation for whyso many girls are deprived of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughtersbecause they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family;girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to dohousework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy (预言）becomes self-fulfilling，trapping women in a viciouscircle (恶性循环）ofneglect.An educated mother, on the other hand, earns more and faces anentirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthierchildren and insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that herdaughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes itmuch more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will beeducated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuouscircle.Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits, butit has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is thedirect effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to20 percent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns areimpressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are justthe beginning. This passage mainly discusses______.

Passage 3 Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.    The history of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the 1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a society whose citizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure this chance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over. After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Union would guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states. However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaining a hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the vote until five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost in marriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unreal until the passage of the Voting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’s death. The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only by workers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. In less than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed a great number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called "prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social services were forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largely ignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charity of friends.  To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed that America would have to reorganize itself according to the multicultural principle that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” was popularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that with the growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage would drop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline. The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which "selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply sliding into disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of the club window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Rome as witnessed by Emperor Diocletian.  Lincoln imagined that the U.S. would be a society free from the influence of one’s____.

Passage 3Questions11 to 15 are based on the following passage.   Thehistory of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a society whosecitizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure thischance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over.After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Unionwould guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states.However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaininga hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the voteuntil five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost inmarriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unrealuntil the passage of the Voting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’sdeath.The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only byworkers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. Inless than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed agreat number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called"prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social serviceswere forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largelyignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charityof friends. To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed thatAmerica would have to reorganize itself according to the multiculturalprinciple that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” waspopularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that withthe growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage woulddrop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline.The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which"selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply slidinginto disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of theclub window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Romeas witnessed by Emperor Diocletian. The author points out that Lincoln’s dream of an ideal society____.

Passage 3Questions11 to 15 are based on the following passage.   Thehistory of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a society whosecitizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure thischance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over.After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Unionwould guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states.However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaininga hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the voteuntil five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost inmarriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unrealuntil the passage of the Voting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’sdeath.The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only byworkers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. Inless than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed agreat number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called"prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social serviceswere forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largelyignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charityof friends. To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed thatAmerica would have to reorganize itself according to the multiculturalprinciple that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” waspopularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that withthe growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage woulddrop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline.The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which"selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply slidinginto disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of theclub window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Romeas witnessed by Emperor Diocletian. The immigrants who went to the U.S. after the Civil War were extremely dissatisfied with____.

Passage 3Questions11 to 15 are based on the following passage.   Thehistory of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a society whosecitizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure thischance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over.After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Unionwould guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states.However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaininga hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the voteuntil five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost inmarriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unrealuntil the passage of the Voting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’sdeath.The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only byworkers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. Inless than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed agreat number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called"prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social serviceswere forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largelyignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charityof friends. To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed thatAmerica would have to reorganize itself according to the multiculturalprinciple that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” waspopularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that withthe growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage woulddrop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline.The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which"selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply slidinginto disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of theclub window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Romeas witnessed by Emperor Diocletian. According to Horace Kallen,the increase in immigrant population would enable immigrants to____.

Passage 3Questions11 to 15 are based on the following passage.   Thehistory of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a society whosecitizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure thischance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over.After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Unionwould guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states.However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaininga hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the voteuntil five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost inmarriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unrealuntil the passage of the Voting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’sdeath.The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only byworkers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. Inless than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed agreat number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called"prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social serviceswere forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largelyignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charityof friends. To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed thatAmerica would have to reorganize itself according to the multiculturalprinciple that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” waspopularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that withthe growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage woulddrop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline.The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which"selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply slidinginto disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of theclub window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Romeas witnessed by Emperor Diocletian. Which of the following statements is true?

Passage 4Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.  Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression atsome time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, forexample, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source ofadolescent misery.   Evenamong psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent ofthe disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World HealthOrganization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause ofdisability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by thesecond leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or moreresearch money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, butmajor depression causes more long term human misery than any other singledisease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare amongteenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase ofadolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long afterI began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true.Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if anystill holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depressionis not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters,including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among theoldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourthcentury, the symptoms of “melancholia” were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusivelyphysical illness-the loss of appetite， sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. Itwasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented tosubstitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illnessbegan to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression wouldbecome the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know thatdepression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that bothpsychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them. The World Health Organization has found that.

Passage 4Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.  Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression atsome time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, forexample, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source ofadolescent misery.   Evenamong psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent ofthe disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World HealthOrganization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause ofdisability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by thesecond leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or moreresearch money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, butmajor depression causes more long term human misery than any other singledisease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare amongteenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase ofadolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long afterI began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true.Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if anystill holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depressionis not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters,including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among theoldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourthcentury, the symptoms of “melancholia” were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusivelyphysical illness-the loss of appetite， sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. Itwasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented tosubstitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illnessbegan to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression wouldbecome the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know thatdepression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that bothpsychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them. In the 4th century, depression was regarded as a_____.

Passage 4Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.  Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression atsome time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, forexample, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source ofadolescent misery.   Evenamong psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent ofthe disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World HealthOrganization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause ofdisability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by thesecond leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or moreresearch money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, butmajor depression causes more long term human misery than any other singledisease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare amongteenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase ofadolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long afterI began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true.Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if anystill holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depressionis not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters,including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among theoldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourthcentury, the symptoms of “melancholia” were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusivelyphysical illness-the loss of appetite， sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. Itwasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented tosubstitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illnessbegan to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression wouldbecome the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know thatdepression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that bothpsychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them. After the 19th century people began to realize that depression could result from____.