Passage 4Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.  Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression atsome time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, forexample, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source ofadolescent misery.   Evenamong psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent ofthe disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World HealthOrganization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause ofdisability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by thesecond leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or moreresearch money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, butmajor depression causes more long term human misery than any other singledisease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare amongteenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase ofadolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long afterI began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true.Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if anystill holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depressionis not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters,including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among theoldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourthcentury, the symptoms of “melancholia” were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusivelyphysical illness-the loss of appetite， sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. Itwasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented tosubstitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illnessbegan to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression wouldbecome the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know thatdepression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that bothpsychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them. The word “alleviate” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_____.

Passage 4Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.  Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression atsome time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, forexample, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source ofadolescent misery.   Evenamong psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent ofthe disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World HealthOrganization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause ofdisability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by thesecond leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or moreresearch money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, butmajor depression causes more long term human misery than any other singledisease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare amongteenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase ofadolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long afterI began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true.Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if anystill holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depressionis not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters,including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among theoldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourthcentury, the symptoms of “melancholia” were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusivelyphysical illness-the loss of appetite， sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. Itwasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented tosubstitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illnessbegan to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression wouldbecome the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know thatdepression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that bothpsychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them. The passage mainly deals with depression by informing the reader of_____.

Passage 5Questions21 to 25 are based on the following passage.  People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. theaverage lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 yearsin 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances,economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater incountries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union,of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on socialsecurity systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses.Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the Europeansocial model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now beingadvanced by policy experts. The current division of life into threecycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According tothese experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older peoplefrom continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes forlifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equippedwith up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government toallow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 thecompany set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult tohire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began tooffer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources humanresources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In sodoing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of itsworkers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percentof the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers'access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update jobskills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the costefficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service. From 1780 to 2005, the average lifespan in the U.S. ____.

Passage 5Questions21 to 25 are based on the following passage.  People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. theaverage lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 yearsin 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances,economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater incountries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union,of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on socialsecurity systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses.Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the Europeansocial model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now beingadvanced by policy experts. The current division of life into threecycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According tothese experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older peoplefrom continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes forlifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equippedwith up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government toallow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 thecompany set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult tohire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began tooffer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources humanresources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In sodoing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of itsworkers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percentof the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers'access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update jobskills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the costefficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service. Italy has seen the great impact of the increasing longevity because of its____.

Passage 5Questions21 to 25 are based on the following passage.  People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. theaverage lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 yearsin 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances,economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater incountries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union,of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on socialsecurity systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses.Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the Europeansocial model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now beingadvanced by policy experts. The current division of life into threecycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According tothese experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older peoplefrom continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes forlifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equippedwith up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government toallow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 thecompany set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult tohire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began tooffer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources humanresources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In sodoing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of itsworkers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percentof the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers'access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update jobskills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the costefficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service. Which of the following is related to active aging?

Passage 5Questions21 to 25 are based on the following passage.  People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. theaverage lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 yearsin 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances,economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater incountries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union,of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on socialsecurity systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses.Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the Europeansocial model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now beingadvanced by policy experts. The current division of life into threecycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According tothese experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older peoplefrom continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes forlifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equippedwith up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government toallow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 thecompany set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult tohire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began tooffer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources humanresources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In sodoing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of itsworkers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percentof the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers'access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update jobskills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the costefficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service. According to the passage，RRC is a(n) ____.

Passage 5Questions21 to 25 are based on the following passage.  People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. theaverage lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 yearsin 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances,economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater incountries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union,of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on socialsecurity systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses.Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the Europeansocial model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now beingadvanced by policy experts. The current division of life into threecycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According tothese experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older peoplefrom continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes forlifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equippedwith up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government toallow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 thecompany set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult tohire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began tooffer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources humanresources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In sodoing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of itsworkers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percentof the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers'access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update jobskills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the costefficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service. The author uses Monsanto's example to show that____.

Passage 6 Questions26 to 30 are based on the following passage.   Thereare guavas (番石榴）atthe Shop & Save. I pick one the size of a tennis ball and finger theprickly stem end. It feels familiarly bumpy and firm. The guava is not quiteripe: the skin is still a dark green. I smell it and imagine a pale pinkcenter, the seeds tightly embedded in the flesh.A ripe guava is yellow, although some varieties have a pink tinge.The skin is thick, firm, and sweet. Its heart is bright pink and almost solidwith seeds. The most delicious part of the guava surrounds the tiny seeds. Ifyou don't  know how to eat a guava, the seeds end up in the crevicesbetween your teeth.Some years, when the rains have been plentiful and the nights cool,you can bite into a guava and not find many seeds. The guava bushes grow closeto the ground, their branches laden with green then yellow fruit that seem toripe overnight. These guavas are large and juicy, almost seedless, theirroundness enticing you to have one more, just one more, because next year therains may not come.As children,we didn’t always wait for the fruit to ripen. We raidedthe bushes as soon as the guavas were large enough to bend the branch.A green guava is sour and hard. You bite into it at its widestpoint, because it，seasier to grasp with your teeth. You grimace, your eyes water，and your cheeks disappear asyour lips purse into a tight O. But you have another and then another, enjoyingthe crunchy sounds, the acid taste, the gritty texture of the unripe center. Atnight, your mother makes you drink castor oil, which she says tastes betterthan a green guava. That’s when you know for sure that you，re a child and she has stoppedbeing one.I had my last guava the day we left Puerto Rico. It was large andjuicy, almost red in the center, and so fragrant that I didn't want to eat itbecause I would lose the smell. All the way to the airport I scratched at itwith my teeth, making little dents in the skin, chewing small pieces with myfront teeth, so that I could feel the texture against my tongue, the tiny pinkpellets of sweet.Today，Istand before a stack of dark green guavas，each perfectly round and hard, each $1.59. The one in my hand istempting. It smells faintly of late summer afternoons and hopscotch under themango tree. But this is autumn in New York, and I’m no longer a child. I pushmy cart away，towardthe apples and pears of my adulthood, their nearly seedless ripeness predictableand bittersweet. The Shop & Save is a(n) ____.

Passage 6 Questions26 to 30 are based on the following passage.   Thereare guavas (番石榴）atthe Shop & Save. I pick one the size of a tennis ball and finger theprickly stem end. It feels familiarly bumpy and firm. The guava is not quiteripe: the skin is still a dark green. I smell it and imagine a pale pinkcenter, the seeds tightly embedded in the flesh.A ripe guava is yellow, although some varieties have a pink tinge.The skin is thick, firm, and sweet. Its heart is bright pink and almost solidwith seeds. The most delicious part of the guava surrounds the tiny seeds. Ifyou don't  know how to eat a guava, the seeds end up in the crevicesbetween your teeth.Some years, when the rains have been plentiful and the nights cool,you can bite into a guava and not find many seeds. The guava bushes grow closeto the ground, their branches laden with green then yellow fruit that seem toripe overnight. These guavas are large and juicy, almost seedless, theirroundness enticing you to have one more, just one more, because next year therains may not come.As children,we didn’t always wait for the fruit to ripen. We raidedthe bushes as soon as the guavas were large enough to bend the branch.A green guava is sour and hard. You bite into it at its widestpoint, because it，seasier to grasp with your teeth. You grimace, your eyes water，and your cheeks disappear asyour lips purse into a tight O. But you have another and then another, enjoyingthe crunchy sounds, the acid taste, the gritty texture of the unripe center. Atnight, your mother makes you drink castor oil, which she says tastes betterthan a green guava. That’s when you know for sure that you，re a child and she has stoppedbeing one.I had my last guava the day we left Puerto Rico. It was large andjuicy, almost red in the center, and so fragrant that I didn't want to eat itbecause I would lose the smell. All the way to the airport I scratched at itwith my teeth, making little dents in the skin, chewing small pieces with myfront teeth, so that I could feel the texture against my tongue, the tiny pinkpellets of sweet.Today，Istand before a stack of dark green guavas，each perfectly round and hard, each $1.59. The one in my hand istempting. It smells faintly of late summer afternoons and hopscotch under themango tree. But this is autumn in New York, and I’m no longer a child. I pushmy cart away，towardthe apples and pears of my adulthood, their nearly seedless ripeness predictableand bittersweet. According to the author, a ripe guava is____.

Passage 6 Questions26 to 30 are based on the following passage.   Thereare guavas (番石榴）atthe Shop & Save. I pick one the size of a tennis ball and finger theprickly stem end. It feels familiarly bumpy and firm. The guava is not quiteripe: the skin is still a dark green. I smell it and imagine a pale pinkcenter, the seeds tightly embedded in the flesh.A ripe guava is yellow, although some varieties have a pink tinge.The skin is thick, firm, and sweet. Its heart is bright pink and almost solidwith seeds. The most delicious part of the guava surrounds the tiny seeds. Ifyou don't  know how to eat a guava, the seeds end up in the crevicesbetween your teeth.Some years, when the rains have been plentiful and the nights cool,you can bite into a guava and not find many seeds. The guava bushes grow closeto the ground, their branches laden with green then yellow fruit that seem toripe overnight. These guavas are large and juicy, almost seedless, theirroundness enticing you to have one more, just one more, because next year therains may not come.As children,we didn’t always wait for the fruit to ripen. We raidedthe bushes as soon as the guavas were large enough to bend the branch.A green guava is sour and hard. You bite into it at its widestpoint, because it，seasier to grasp with your teeth. You grimace, your eyes water，and your cheeks disappear asyour lips purse into a tight O. But you have another and then another, enjoyingthe crunchy sounds, the acid taste, the gritty texture of the unripe center. Atnight, your mother makes you drink castor oil, which she says tastes betterthan a green guava. That’s when you know for sure that you，re a child and she has stoppedbeing one.I had my last guava the day we left Puerto Rico. It was large andjuicy, almost red in the center, and so fragrant that I didn't want to eat itbecause I would lose the smell. All the way to the airport I scratched at itwith my teeth, making little dents in the skin, chewing small pieces with myfront teeth, so that I could feel the texture against my tongue, the tiny pinkpellets of sweet.Today，Istand before a stack of dark green guavas，each perfectly round and hard, each $1.59. The one in my hand istempting. It smells faintly of late summer afternoons and hopscotch under themango tree. But this is autumn in New York, and I’m no longer a child. I pushmy cart away，towardthe apples and pears of my adulthood, their nearly seedless ripeness predictableand bittersweet. Plentiful rains and cool nights may mean that guavas____.